This is Volume 1 of Oregon State University's Landscape Plants web site. Landscape plants (mostly woody, i.e., shrubs and trees) in this volume are listed in. Turkish definition, of, pertaining to, characteristic of, or derived from Turkey or the Turks. The Into the Wardrobe forum debuted on June 30th, 1996 and was active until October 1st, 2010. The archives are open to the public and are filled with vast amounts of. Turkey - Wikipedia. Coordinates: 3. 9. The Aegean Sea is to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, which together form the Turkish Straits, divide Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia. The empire reached the peak of its power in the 1. The empire remained powerful and influential for another two centuries, before suffering military defeats and territorial loss against the Russian Empire in the second half of the eighteenth century. The Tanzimat reforms of the 1. Ottoman state, proved to be inadequate in most fields, and failed to stop the dissolution of the empire. Introduction Count Zero by William Gibson. Another of the sprawl series. Arguably not as good as Neuromancer but great anyway. Rosewater, Persian fairy floss and Turkish delight are available from Middle Eastern and gourmet shops. Begin this recipe a day ahead. Homemade ice cream is best. However, the 1. 91. Ottoman coup d'. During the war, the Ottoman government committed ethnic cleansing or genocide against its Armenian, Assyrian and Pontic Greek citizens. The vast majority of the population is nominally Sunni Muslim, with Alevis making up the largest religious minority. After becoming one of the first members of the Council of Europe in 1. Turkey became an associate member of the EEC in 1. EEC membership in 1. EU Customs Union in 1. European Union in 2. The first recorded use of the term . Various ancient Anatolian populations have lived in Anatolia, from at least the Neolithic period until the Hellenistic period. It is the largest and best- preserved Neolithic site found to date and in July 2. UNESCO World Heritage Site. Indo- European Hittites came to Anatolia and gradually absorbed the Hattians and Hurrians ca. The first major empire in the area was founded by the Hittites, from the 1. BC. The Assyrians conquered and settled parts of southeastern Turkey as early as 1. BC until the year 6. BC. 1. 18. 0 BC, the Phrygians, an Indo- European people, achieved ascendancy in Anatolia until their kingdom was destroyed by the Cimmerians in the 7th century BC. The most powerful of Phrygia's successor states were Lydia, Caria and Lycia. Antiquity and Byzantine period. Numerous important cities were founded by these colonists, such as Miletus, Ephesus, Smyrna (now . The first state that was called Armenia by neighbouring peoples was the state of the Armenian. Orontid dynasty, which included parts of eastern Turkey beginning in the 6th century BC. In Northwest Turkey, the most significant tribal group in Thrace was the Odyrisians, founded by Teres I. The territory of Turkey later fell to Alexander the Great in 3. BC. Following the death of Theodosius I in 3. Roman Empire between his two sons, the city, which would popularly come to be known as Constantinople, became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. This, which would later be branded by historians as the Byzantine Empire, ruled most of the territory of present- day Turkey until the Late Middle Ages. The frequent Byzantine- Sassanid Wars, as part of the centuries long- lasting Roman- Persian Wars, fought between the neighboring rivaling Byzantines and Sasanians, took place in various parts of present- day Turkey and decided much of the latters history from the 4th century AD up to the first half of the 7th century AD. Seljuks and the Ottoman Empire. In 1. 07. 1, the Seljuks defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert, starting the Turkification process in the area; the Turkish language and Islam were introduced to Armenia and Anatolia, gradually spreading throughout the region. The slow transition from a predominantly Christian and Greek- speaking Anatolia to a predominantly Muslim and Turkish- speaking one was underway. In its wake, one of the Turkish principalities governed by Osman I would, over the next 2. Ottoman Empire. In 1. Ottomans completed their conquest of the Byzantine Empire by capturing its capital, Constantinople. In 1. 51. 7, Selim I expanded Ottoman rule into Algeria and Egypt, and created a naval presence in the Red Sea. Subsequently, a competition started between the Ottoman and Portuguese empires to become the dominant sea power in the Indian Ocean, with a number of naval battles in the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. The Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean was perceived as a threat for the Ottoman monopoly over the ancient trading routes between East Asia and Western Europe (later collectively named the Silk Road). This important monopoly was increasingly compromised following the discovery of a sea route around Africa by Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias in 1. Ottoman economy. The empire was often at odds with the Holy Roman Empire in its steady advance towards Central Europe through the Balkans and the southern part of the Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth. John, the Papal States, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Savoy), for the control of the Mediterranean Sea. In the east, the Ottomans were often at war with Safavid Persia over conflicts stemming from territorial disputes or religious differences between the 1. From the 1. 6th to the early 2. Ottoman Empire also fought many wars with the Russian Tsardom and Empire. These were initially about the Ottoman territorial expansion and consolidation in southeastern and eastern Europe; but starting from the latter half of the 1. Ottoman state, which began to lose its strategic territories on the northern Black Sea coast to the advancing Russians. Between the 1. 8th and the early 2. Ottoman, Persian and Russian empires were neighbouring rivals of each other. From the second half of the 1. Ottoman Empire began to decline. The Tanzimat reforms of the 1. Ottoman state in line with the progress that was made in the West, but these efforts proved to be inadequate in most fields, and failed to stop the dissolution of the empire. The decline of the Ottoman Empire led to a rise in nationalist sentiment among the various subject peoples, leading to increased ethnic tensions which occasionally burst into violence, such as the Hamidian massacres of Armenians. This made sultans Mehmed V and Mehmed VI largely symbolic figureheads with no real political power. The Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers and was ultimately defeated. During the war, the empire's Armenians were deported to Syria as part of the Armenian Genocide. As a result, an estimated 8. Armenians were killed. On 1 November 1. 92. Turkish Parliament in Ankara formally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 6. Ottoman rule. The Treaty of Lausanne of 2. July 1. 92. 3 led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed . On 2. 6 June 1. 94. Turkey became a charter member of the United Nations. The doctrine enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece, and resulted in large- scale U. S. Both countries were included in the Marshall Plan and OEEC for rebuilding European economies in 1. Following a decade of Cypriot intercommunal violence and the coup in Cyprus on 1. July 1. 97. 4 staged by the EOKA B paramilitary organization, which overthrew President Makarios and installed the pro- Enosis (union with Greece) Nikos Sampson as dictator, Turkey invaded Cyprus on 2. July 1. 97. 4. It was followed by a tumultuous transition to multiparty democracy over the next few decades, which was interrupted by military coups d'. The Kurdish- Turkish conflict to date has claimed over 4. When three powers (executive, legislative and judiciary) are taken into account as the main functions of the state, local administrations have little power. Turkey is a unitary not a federal system, and the provinces are subordinated to the centre. Local administrations were established to provide services in place and the government is represented by the governors and city governors. Besides the governors and the city governors, other senior public officials are also appointed by the central government rather than appointed by mayors or elected by constituents. Each province is divided into districts, for a total of 9. Since its foundation as a republic in 1. Turkey has developed a strong tradition of secularism. It sets out the main principles of government and establishes Turkey as a unitary centralized state. The President of the Republic is the head of state and has a largely ceremonial role. The president is elected for a five- year term by direct elections and Tayyip Erdo. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature, and the Constitutional Court is charged with ruling on the conformity of laws and decrees with the constitution. The Council of State is the tribunal of last resort for administrative cases, and the High Court of Appeals for all others. The prime minister is Binali Y. There are 5. 50 members of parliament who are elected for a four- year term by a party- list proportional representation system from 8. The Constitutional Court can strip the public financing of political parties that it deems anti- secular or separatist, or ban their existence altogether. Between 1. 99. 8 and 2. European Court of Human Rights made more than 1,6. Turkey for human rights violations, particularly regarding the right to life, and freedom from torture. Other issues, such as Kurdish rights, women's rights, LGBT rights, and press freedom, have also attracted controversy. Turkey's human rights record continues to be a significant obstacle to future membership of the EU. State Department spokesman, Philip J. Crowley, said that the United States had . For instance, the Turkish Civil Law has been modified by incorporating elements mainly of the Swiss Civil Code, the Code of Obligations and the German Commercial Code. The Administrative Law bears similarities with its French counterpart, and the Penal Code with its Italian counterpart. In line with this principle, judicial power is exercised by independent courts on behalf of the Turkish nation. Culture of Turkey - Wikipedia. The culture of Turkey combines a heavily diverse and heterogeneous set of elements that have been derived from the various cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean (West Asian) region and to a lesser degree, Southeastern European, Caucasian, and Central Asian traditions. Many of these traditions were initially brought together by the Ottoman Empire, a multi- ethnic and multi- religious state. The present- day Republic of Turkey, which was declared in 1. Ottoman Empire, is still a transcontinental country that spans Europe and Asia. During the early years of the republic, the government invested a large amount of resources into fine arts such as paintings, sculpture and architecture. This was done as both a process of modernization and of creating a cultural identity. Because of the different historical factors defining the Turkish identity, the culture of Turkey combines clear efforts of modernization and Westernization undertaken in varying degrees since the 1. Turkish culture has undergone profound changes over the last century. Today, Turkey may be the only country that contains every extreme of Eastern and Western culture (along with many compromises and fusions between the two). The Ottoman system was a multi- ethnic state that enabled people within it not to mix with each other and thereby retain separate ethnic and religious identities within the empire (albeit with a dominant Turkish and Southern European ruling class). Upon the fall of the empire after World War I the Turkish Republic adapted a unitary approach, which forced all the different cultures within its borders to mix with each other with the aim of producing national and cultural identity. This mixing, instead of producing cultural homogenization, instead resulted in many shades of grey as the traditional Muslim cultures of Anatolia collided with the cosmopolitan modernity of Istanbul and the wider West. Literature. Traditional examples for Turkish folk literature include the stories of Karag. The Book of Dede Korkut and the Epic of K. Of the two, the Ottoman Divan poetry, a highly ritualized and symbolic art form, was the dominant stream. The vast majority of Divan poetry was lyric in nature: either ghazals or qasidas. There were, however, other common genres, most particularly the mathnawi (also known as mesnev. The tradition of Ottoman prose was exclusively non- fictional in nature; as the fiction tradition was limited to narrative poetry. The Tanzimat reforms of 1. Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet N. Most of the roots of modern Turkish literature were formed between the years 1. Broadly, there were three primary literary movements during this period: the Edebiyy. Accordingly, the magazine's literary ventures, under the direction of the poet Tevfik Fikret, were geared towards creating a Western- style . Furthermore, as partly evidenced by the prevalence of the still existent ashik (. The development of folk poetry in Turkish. There are, however, a few well- known a. Despite the decline of the a. From the Persian poetry that largely inspired it, it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationships. Examples of prevalent symbols that, to some extent, oppose one another include, among others: the nightingale (. Authors such as Ahmed H. By far the majority of the poetry of the time, however, was in the tradition of the folk- inspired . The authors were Orhan Veli Kan. Explicitly opposing themselves to everything that had gone in poetry before, they sought instead to create a popular art, . The reaction was immediate and polarized: most of the academic establishment and older poets vilified them, while much of the Turkish population embraced them wholeheartedly. Just as the Garip movement was a reaction against earlier poetry, so. The poets of this movement, soon known as . To some extent, the movement can be seen as bearing some of the characteristics of postmodern literature. The best- known poets writing in the . Young Pens was published in Selanik under . They covered the social and political concepts of their time with the nationalistic perspective. They were the core of a movement which became known as the . This was also the first time since the 1. Turkish literature was escaping from Western influence and began to mix Western forms with other forms. During the 1. 93. Yakup Kadri Karaosmano. This trend culminated in the 1. Yaban (The Wilds) by Yakup Kadri Karaosmano. This novel can be seen as the precursor to two trends that would soon develop: social realism, and the . The social realist movement was led by the short- story writer Sait Faik Abas. The major writers of the . In a very different tradition, but evincing a similar strong political viewpoint, was the satirical short- story writer Aziz Nesin. Other important novelists of this period were Ahmet Hamdi Tanp. Orhan Pamuk, winner of the 2. Nobel Prize in Literature, is among the innovative novelists, whose works show the influence of postmodernism and magic realism. Important poets of the Republic of Turkey period include Ahmet Ha. Outside of the Garip and . His works have been translated into more than twenty languages. He is the recipient of major Turkish and international literary awards, such as the 2. Nobel Prize in Literature. Architecture. This period witnessed three types of mosques: tiered, single- domed and subline- angled mosques. The Ulu Cami (Holy Mosque) in Bursa was the first Seljuk mosque to be converted into a domed one. Edirne (Adrianople) was the Ottoman capital between 1. Istanbul (Constantinople) became the new capital, and it is here that we witness the final stages in the architectural development which culminated in the construction of the great mosques of Istanbul. The buildings constructed in Istanbul during the period between the Turkish conquest of the city in 1. Istanbul Bayezid II Mosque are also considered works of the early period. Among these are the Fatih Mosque (1. Mahmut Pa. The Ottomans integrated mosques into the community and added soup kitchens, theological schools, hospitals, Turkish baths and tombs. Classical period (1. The inner courtyard and the mosque were inseparable. The master architect of the classical period, Mimar Sinan, was born in 1. Kayseri and died in Istanbul in the year 1. Sinan started a new era in world architecture, creating 3. Mimar Sinan's first important work was the . His second significant work was the S. The Selimiye Mosque in Edirne was built during the years 1. Sinan was in his prime as an architect. Most classical period designs used the Byzantine architecture of the neighboring Balkans as its base, and from there, ethnic elements were added, creating a different architectural style. Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, aside from Turkey, can also be seen in the Balkans, Hungary, Egypt, Tunisia and Algiers, where mosques, bridges, fountains and schools were built. Westernization period (1. Due to the close relations between the Ottoman Empire and France, Ottoman architecture began to be influenced by the Baroque and Rococo styles that were popular in Europe. Interestingly, a style that was very similar to Baroque was developed by the Seljuk Turks, according to a number of academics. It is often called the . Various visitors and envoys were sent to European cities, especially to Paris, to experience the contemporary European customs and life. The decorative elements of the European Baroque and Rococo influenced even the religious Ottoman architecture. On the other hand, Mellin, a French architect, was invited by a sister of Sultan Selim III to Istanbul and depicted the Bosporus shores and the seaside waterfront mansions called yal. During a thirty- year period known as the Tulip period, all eyes were turned to the West, and instead of monumental and classical works, villas and pavilions were built around Istanbul. However, it was about this time when the construction on the Ishak Pasha Palace (1. The traditional, introverted manner of the society began to change. Fountains and waterside residences such as the Aynal. A water canal (other name is Cetvel- i Sim) and a picnic area (Ka. Although the Tulip period ended with the Patrona Halil uprising, it became a model for attitudes of Westernization. During the years 1. With Ahmed III's deposition, Mahmud I took the throne (1. It was during this period that Baroque- style mosques were starting to be constructed. Baroque period (1. Major examples are the Nur- u Osmaniye Mosque, Zeynep Sultan Mosque, Laleli Mosque, Fatih Tomb, Laleli . Mimar Tahir (also known as Mehmed Tahir A. Architects from the Balyan family were the leading ones of the time. This period was marked by buildings of mixed Neo- Classical, Baroque, Rococo and Empire styles, such as the Dolmabah. Raimondo Tommaso D'Aronco and Alexander Vallaury were the leading architects of the time. Republican era. Istanbul's skyline has changed especially since the early 2. In the first years of the Turkish Republic, founded in 1. Turkish architecture was influenced by Ottoman architecture, in particular during the First National Architectural Movement. However, from the 1. Germany and Austria. Similar to Fascist architecture, the movement aimed to create modern but nationalistic architecture. Starting from the 1. Turkish architects being increasingly inspired by their counterparts in the rest of the world. However they were constrained by the lack of technological infrastructure or insufficient financial resources till the 1. Nuri Bilge Ceylan won the Best Director Award at the 2. Cannes Film Festival with the film . In 2. 00. 0, Galatasaray cemented its role as a major European club by winning the UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup. Two years later the Turkish national team finished third in the 2. FIFA World Cup Finals in Japan and South Korea, while in 2. UEFA Euro 2. 00. 8 competition. Other mainstream sports such as basketball and volleyball are also popular. Turkey hosted the 2.
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